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Tardive dyskinesia is a difficult-to-treat and often incurable form of dyskinesia, a disorder resulting in involuntary, repetitive body movements. In this form of dyskinesia, the involuntary movements are ''tardive,'' meaning they have a slow or belated onset. This neurological disorder most frequently occurs as the result of long-term or high-dose use of antipsychotic drugs,〔For example: chlorpromazine (Thorazine), quetiapine (Seroquel), haloperidol (Haldol), olanzapine (Zyprexa), prochlorperazine (Compazine), paliperidone (Invega), risperidone (Risperdal)〕 or in children and infants as a side effect from usage of drugs for gastrointestinal disorders.〔For example: metoclopramide (Maxolon, Metozolv, Pramin, Primperan, Reclomide, Reglan)〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】last=Breggin )〕 ==Signs and symptoms== Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements. Some examples of these types of involuntary movements include: * Grimacing * Tongue movements * Lip smacking * Lip puckering * Pursing of the lips * Excessive eye blinking Rapid, involuntary movements of the limbs, torso, and fingers may also occur.〔National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2011). Ninds tardive dyskinesia information page. Retrieved from website: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tardive/tardive.htm〕 In some cases, an individual's legs can be so affected that walking becomes difficult or impossible.〔Nasrallah, H. (2003, Sept). Tardive dyskinesia. Retrieved from http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Tardive_Dyskinesia.htm〕 These symptoms are the opposite of patients who are diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's patients have difficulty moving, whereas tardive dyskinesia patients have difficulty not moving.〔Duke University Health System. (2010, May 17). Additional movement disorders. Retrieved from http://www.dukehealth.org/services/neurological_disorders/care_guides/additional_movement_disorders/〕 Respiratory irregularity, such as grunting and difficulty breathing, is another symptom associated with tardive dyskinesia, although studies have shown that the prevalence rate is relatively low. Tardive dyskinesia is often misdiagnosed as a mental illness rather than a neurological disorder, and as a result patients are prescribed neuroleptic drugs, which increase the probability that the patient will develop a severe and disabling case, and shortening the typical survival period. Other closely related neurological disorders have been recognized as variants of tardive dyskinesia. Tardive dystonia is similar to standard dystonia but permanent. Tardive akathisia involves painful feelings of inner tension and anxiety and a compulsive drive to move the body. In some extreme cases, afflicted individuals experience so much internal torture that they lose their ability to sit still. Tardive tourettism is a tic disorder featuring the same symptoms as Tourette syndrome. The two disorders are extremely close in nature and often can only be differentiated by the details of their respective onsets. Tardive myoclonus, a rare disorder, presents as brief jerks of muscles in the face, neck, trunk, and extremities.〔 AIMS Examination This test is used when psychotropic medications have been prescribed because patients sometimes develop tardive dyskinesia due to prolonged use of antipsychotic medications. Abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS) examination is a test used to identify the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia (TD). The test is not meant to tell whether there is an absence or presence of tardive dyskinesia. It just scales to level of symptoms indicated by the actions observed. The levels range from none to severe. The AIMS examination was constructed in the 1970s to measure involuntary facial, trunk, and limb movements. It is best to do this test before and after the administration of the psychotropic drugs. Taking the AIMS consistently can help to track severity of TD over time.〔Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders〕〔Montana State Hospital〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tardive dyskinesia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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